Elektroenergetski Sustav U Træi©nim Uvjetima Power System under Free Market Conditions
نویسنده
چکیده
U posljednih 20 godina vidljiva je sve veÊa uloga otvorenog træiπta elektriËne energije, jednako kao i u drugim sektorima. Savrπeno konkurentno energetsko træiπte efi kasno je, ali ga je teπko postiÊi. Treba uzeti u obzir posebna svojstva elektriËne energije. U ovom je Ëlanku pokazano kako se tradicionalni optimalni tok snage Optimal Power Flow (OPF) moæe proπiriti tako da ukljuËuje i potraænju, odræavajuÊi pritom ravnoteæu ponude i potraænje na otvorenom træiπtu. Takoer, OPF se moæe koristiti za proraËun cijena u Ëvoriπtima koje predstavljaju optimalne cijene u svakom Ëvoriπtu mreæe. Od tih Ëvoriπnih cijena moæe se doÊi do optimalnih cijena prijenosa. Planiranje proizvodnje moæe, ovisno o tipu træiπta, biti provedeno kroz centralnu optimizaciju ili decentralizirano za svaku proizvodnu tvrtku. Za svaku se pojedinu tvrtku kriterij planiranja mijenja od minimiziranja troπka do maksimiziranja profi ta. Sada su dostupna praktiËna iskustva s raznih strana svijeta. Jasno se pokazuje da je moguÊe realizirati træiπte elektriËne energije u uvjetima otvorenog træiπta. Realizirana su razliËita rjeπenja u vezi s vlasniπtvom i tipom træiπta. Meutim, iskustvo je πaroliko i vaæno je da se ubuduÊe izvuku pouke iz nauËenih lekcija. During the past 20 years, we have seen an expanding role for the free market in the electricity sector as well as other sectors. A perfectly competitive power market is effi cient but diffi cult to achieve. The special features of electricity should be taken into account. In this paper, it is shown how traditional Optimal Power Flow (OPF) can be extended to include the demand side, thereby refl ecting the supply-demand balance of an open market. The OPF technique can be used for the calculation of a set of nodal prices representing the optimal price at each node in the grid, from which we can derive a set of optimal transmission prices. Depending on the market design, generation planning can be performed by central optimization or in a decentralized manner by each generation company. For an individual generating company, the planning criterion will change from cost minimization to profi t maximization. Practical experiences are now available from various parts of the world. It is clearly demonstrated that a power market can be operated under free market conditions. Various solutions concerning ownership and market design have been implemented. However, experiences have been mixed. In the future, it will be important to draw upon the lessons that have been learned. KljuËne rijeËi: Ëvoriπna cijena, energetski sustav, konkurencija, optimalni tok snage, otvoreno træiπte
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